�� -

��ѧ��ʦ��о�

��Ա��:Ӱ��һ��˵��ڿ�

��̸��ı࿯˼��

��

��һ��

��Ա��±༭��ĺ��ĵ��־��һ��
��̷��к��⣬��ٰ�ͱ��ӡ��һ��һ��ң�
��1902��һ��˲��ķ��糱��ҿ��Լ��
��ۣ�
��ר��Ϊҵ��Ϊ��Ա��С˵��
��־��ּ�壬��˾�ϲ��֮��͢��Ͻ��ܶ��ÿһ��
�ط��̱��ʮ��ʮ��ѧ��֮˼�룬��Ӱ�졣��ѧ
��ۡ����û��Դ��Կ䣬��ȷʵ��ˡ�
��ٿ��ʱ�ڵ��ѧ�߶ԡ��Ա��ۡ�
��ͬʱ��˻��˵��鱨��ʤ��ʱ�񱨡�Զ�ӣ�
��֮��Ա��ʤ��鱨��ٱ��ӡ��Ķ��ǣ�һ��ǧ��
�˱��ޣ�ȴΪ��У��ʯ��Ӧ�ж��ӹ��
֮��֮��޹��ڴ��ӡ��ʮ��ꡪ��1902�ꡪ��¡�
��顷��
��ʮ��˵��إ��ֻ��־��Դ��ʱ
��˵�Ǵ��ʱ��һ�ǡ�ʱ�񱨡��һ�ǡ��Ա��
��һ�ǡ��꡷��񱨡��롶��㲻�ϡ��¸�һ��
��˹��ڡ�Ŭ��ܿ��ͣ��ţ�1923��10��9�գ��Ĵ˴��
ָ�ġ��ָ��¿�� Ƕ�ʮ��ڱ��ķ�
�԰׻��ĵġ��ܿ��
��ѧ�ߴ��˵��ά��ʧ�ܺ��ձ��
��Ķ��鿯��ֽ��ܸ��ͼ��֮�ȵ�Ӱ�죬��
ʱ��Ļ��ʱ��ձ��е��ѧ��˼��ͨ��
�ġ��Ա��鱼�ŵ�ת�䵽��ڣ��й��ͳ�Ļ�ʹ��
��γɶ�˼��ǿ��֪ʶ��ꡮ��񡯵ľ��
Ͷ��ʱ��³��ȥ��Ѱ��ӡ��й��ȳ��湫˾��
��325ҳ��λ��ͬʱ��ѧ�߶��ԡ��Ա��ۼ��ߣ� ��
��ƺ��ƫ��ֵ��ʴ��
ȷ�ؾ��ָ��ˡ��Ա��һʱ�ļ�ֵ��ڡ�

��

��Ժ��ձ��ջ��ȵ��֮�£�
��1898 ��12��23�մ��Ѯ��鱨��1901��12��ַʧ
��տ��ʱ��꣬ǡ�ó��һ��ڡ��ã��1902��2��8
�մ��ˡ��Ա��1907��11��տ��ǰ��ʱ��ꡣ��
��Ա��Ϊ��¿��һ��󳣳��ڣ��ͬ�ڽ��ʮ
��ÿ�ڽ��֣��ȡ�ʱ�񱨡��鱨��Ҫ��һ
��
��Ա��ּ��1.��ȡ��ѧ��֮�壬��
Ϊ��ά��ά��й��Բ��ڹ��񹫵�ȱ��
�ǻ۲��ʱ��רΪ�˲��ҩ��֮��2.��Խ��Ϊ��ԣ��
��Ϊ��ӡ��3.��Ϊ��ǰ;��һ�Թ��ΪĿ�ġ��
��Ϊ��֮��԰ܻ��й��ߣ��̷�ר��һ��Ҳ��ΪΣ�ռ�
��֮�ԣ��Ե��й��Խ�Ҳ��ּ��ձ�
��ʱ��У��˼��ѱ��ġ�
��1898��12�£��鱨��ʱ�򣬾��䷢��
��á��ѣ��Ϊ��ǻ��ʶ��
�ѵ��Ѫ��Լ��˵��ʹ��Ҫ��¹��
��ܽ��ѵ��ˣ��鱨��ڣ��ڿ��ϳ��˷�
��ӵĴ��Ǻ��ǵ�ʫ��֮�⣬��о��׫��ˡ��
�ǡ��֮��˷��ѵ��ۻ��λ��
��ģ��Щ��жԴ��»��˽��ҵ��
��ʦ��ӵ��λ��֮
��ѹ��Ʋų��ɱ��ֶ��֮��ҵ��
�˴��졶��Ա��ʱ��Ϊ�й��Ҫ��ǡ�ά��
�񡱣��Ϊ��֮���ٶԴ��ǣ�ȴ
��Ȼ��ֹ��ɡ�
��Ϊ��ձ��Ժ��ʱ��ɽҲ��ձ��
�뿵��Ϊ��ϵ��̸��и��ɽ��ǻ��飬��Ϊȴ��
�Ĵ�ƫ��̬��Ҳ��Ȼ�ܾ��ˣ��ڡ��
��ϳ��ô��ɣ��ɵļ��лᵼ��й��ң��
ʹ��ǿ�˻��Ϸ��й��ǣ��ǿ��ʡ��Ժ��
��ž��ܡ��ӡ��鱨��Ա��һֱ�ô��Ÿ�
��ɣ��߷ǳ��ߣ��ԣ��1905��11�¸��ɵġ��񱨡��
��Կ��ɽ��л��ͷ��ҹ��ڿ�ʷ�ϵ�
��һ�δ��ս��ⳡ��ս�Ĺ�ģ��Ϊ�㷺��ձ��е��й�
��ѧ��˽�ȥ��߷��ڹ��Ҳ�з�ӳ��ɺ��ɵ�
�ڿ��ɭ�ϡ� ��1905 ��׵�1907��ף�˫��ս��˶�
�ꡣ��ʵ�С��ġ�Ԥ��ܡ�
ֻ��һ��ƭ�֣��α��ʹԭ��ӵ��ܵ��˶�ת��
��е��ս��Ʋ��ת��1906��7 �µġ�
��Ա��ĵ�83��Ϸ��Ȱ��ֹͣ��顷��
��ȴ�⵽��ɶ�Ȼ�ܾ��ڸ��ѧ˵�Ѿ��ģ�ӵ��
��ɵ��˷׷�ת�򣬡��Ա��ķ��һ��ǧ�ɣ��÷��
��ԴҲ��ȱ��Ա��Ϊ��ġ��š��׫��
��ת��־Ͷ�塣��ġ�Ū��Ϊ��
��ɥ��1907��11�³��96��Ժ󣨡��Ա��19
04��2��Ժ󣬾��ڳ��棬��г��治��ڣ�� ͽ�
�ڡ��Ա��Ϻ��ʧ��ͣ��ˡ�

��

��Ա��Ȼ��롶�񱨡��ս��ձ��ɽ��Ϊһ
��Ӳд��٪�壬��ǰ��һλ��ľ��ˣ��Ѻ��
�Ĺ��֪ʶ��Լ��Χ��Ȼ��ս��ʧ��
Ϊ��Ū��ǲ��Գɰ��Ӣ�ۣ��
��˼��ɷ��ľ޴󹦼��ڡ��񱨡��ǰ��
��ڿ��ʱ�񱨡��鱨��Ա��й��˼��
��޴��֪ʶ��ӣ��ر��֪ʶ��ӷ��޴�Ӱ�죬��
��ʱ��Ϊ��ϲ��ڿ��û�б�Ŀ��֮��ȡ��ڽ��ʷ��
��ά��ʿ��ɣ��ڡ��ǡ��ѧ��
��Ĺ��Զ�ȸ��öࡣ
��ά��˶��ʼ��ά��ʿʼ��š�ȥ��ͨ��
�㿪��ǡ��ѧ��Ϊ��ǿ��֮��Ĵӡ�ʱ
�񱨡��Ա��Ҳʼ�չᴩ��һ��ߣ��
��˶ԡ��ѧ��ļ���ڿ��ϵ��Ҳ��ϵͳ��
��Ժ��ձ��ͨ��ѧϰ��ģ��㷺��
�Ŵ��ѧ��ѧ��ջ�ܴ�˼�뾳��һ��̨
�ס��ã��δ��֮�飬�״��Ŀ��δ
��֮��Ծ��ԡ��Ҽ��գ��ݸ��þƣ�մմ��ϲ��˽
��ѧ��֮��桷��˽��أ��ڡ��鱨��
�ϴ��˶ѧ֮�飬��ѧ˵��й��
�ݡ��ָ��鱨��һ�ٲ�ף�ǲ��۱��֮��μ��֮��
��ڡ��鱨��ʧ��ͣ��Ժ��ڡ��Ա��ϸ��
�顢��ϵͳ�ش��ѧ��˼�룬��Ի��˵��鱨��
ʤ��ʱ�񱨡�Զ�ӣ��֮��Ա��ʤ��鱨��ٱ��ӡ��
��ع��Լ��ڡ�ʱ�񱨡��д�Ķ��úܲ��⣬ʮ
�ַ�ǳ��ռ��ۣ��Ż��δ��
��Ҳ��ٹ�ʿ��ȻĿ֮Ի��˵Ҳ��Ҳ��
��գ��ͬ��鱨��һ�ٲ�ף�ǣ�
��ڡ��Ա��Ĵ��ϣ��ʼ��ġ��˵
��һƪ��˿ڣ�Ӱ��޴��֡�ȫ��ʮһ��֣��ʮ��
��1902��2 �·ݴ��ſ�ʼ��ǣ��1905�꿯�ꡣ��ʮ�ڵ�
ƪĿ��£��ۡ��Ϊ��й��һ��񡷡��֮
�塷��ʤ�Ӱ�֮��֤��֮��ۼ�ȡ��֮��ˡ��
��¡��۹��˼�롷��۽�ȡð�ա��Ȩ��˼�롷��
��ɡ��Ρ��۽��𡷡��ۺ�Ⱥ��
��˼�롷��䡷��˽��
��ȥ��ά��ʿ�Ĵ��ġ��㿪��
�ǡ��һ��Ե��ͳ��һ�㻯��Ŀ�ꣻ��ڣ��һ��
��񡱣��һ��񡱶��Ҫ�ﵽ�ķ��棬��ͱȽ��
ʵ�;��塣�ڡ��˵��У��ɡ��Ρ�ƽ�ȡ�Ȩ
��񡢹��ҵȵ�˼��˹㷺�Ľ��ܣ��֪ʶ��
��ѷ⽨˼��з⽨��ר�ƺ�ū�ԡ��⽨��
��˳�񡱣�Ҫ��н��˼��ġ��񡱡�
��ڡ��Ա��ϣ��ġ��˵��⣬��ô�
��ƪ��ֱ�ӽ��ѧ��ѧ��Ȼ��ѧ֮˵��Լ��
��ʷ����һ��°��ѧ��ϵ�˹�֮ѧ˵��
��ѧ��֮ѧ˵��䴫�ԡ��ѧ��Сʷ��
��̩��֮ѧ˵��˹��֮��ѧ˵��
��ܴ��Լ�۾��¬��֮ѧ˵��ѧѧ��ԡ�
��ѧ�ظ�ԡ��֮��ϵ��ȵȡ�
��Ա��ԡ��ѧ��Ĵ��룬��1902��1903
��֮�� 1903��2��Ժ��ȥ��11�²ŷ��ձ��
��ڼ䣬��޷��˱��Ҳ��Ͼִ��ɽ��ɵ��
�ࡣ��Ժ󣬡��Ա��ѧ��ƪ��٣��
�ﳣ��ܰ��ڳ��棬��Զ��ڻ��ڵĺϿ��ʽ��棬��Ѿ�ʧ
ȥ��·�ˡ�
��ѧ��Ļ��˼�롢�¹����
�ʿ��ڷ�յķ⽨�۹��⣬�Դ�ͳ��Ļ��У�Ҳ��
��༭�ӡ�ʱ�񱨡��Ա��˼�롣��˵��ڡ�ʱ
�񱨡�ʱ��ıʴ��Ҫ��Կƾ��ƶȺ��ɵȾ��
��ϣ��ô��ˡ��Ա��ʱ��뵽�⽨��˼�뱾�ʣ�
��ǧ��˼��ġ��ѧ��ˡ�
��Ϊ��Ϊ��˵�˼��ڲ��ٷ��沢��һ��
��һ��Ÿ��һ��С˵��ר��Ĵ��
��1912�꡶ݰ��绶ӭ��˵�ʡ��ѧ˵��뿵��Ϊ
��̬��Ҳ��ͬ��޳ɿ��Ϊ��ᳫ��׽̡��1902��
д��Ϊ��һ��˵��Ϊ��Ƚ��֮�й��Ī��ѧ
˵��˼�루ŷ��֮��ȫ��ڴˣ��Ȼ��ʱ��ɲ��ƻ��ѧ֮
��߶��ӣ��ᳫ��֮��Ǳ��ԯҲ��˼�벻��
�ɣ��Ǹ��޽��֮��ӡ��һƪ��˵��й�ѧ
��֮��֮ΰ��Īʢ��ս��˼��֮��ЧҲ��
�۱��̷��ۡ��ָ��ʼ�ʷٰټ�֮���˼��Ϣ��
��۶��˼��Ϣ��Ѿ��ǧ��ˣ��
��Ž��˼�롣��ѧ˵��Ϊʮ��ʱ
��򵹿׼ҵꡱ��ȵ��
��ڡ��Ա��ġ��ƾ��¡��ƴ�ͳ��Ļ�
��˼�롪��й�˼��һ��쫷磬Ӱ��֮��Լ�
Ҳ��⡣��Ϊ��˼��ҡ��μҺ��
��һ��˶��Ա��磬��ڡ��¼��˵��
��1902�꣬�ҵ��Զ��ѧ��ʱ��Ա��С˵��
��ѳ��棬�ҷǳ��ǡ��15ҳ��磬һλ³Ѹ�о�ר
��˵��³Ѹ�ġ�˹�ʹ�֮�꡷��ܵ��е�
һЩ�Ѿ�Ҳ��˹�ʹ�С־��ࡱ��³Ѹ��ʱ�ڰ��
��Ա��ʮ��ʷ泣��顯��ķ硣��
�塶��˹�ʹ�֮�꡵��,��³Ѹ�о��¿��1993��10�ڣ�
��һλ��ý��ţ��ܳ�ַ��ֵ��򶯶��
����Ա��ֵ��ţ��ڱ��Ŀ�ͷ�Ѿ��
��Լ�Ҳ��һ��Ϊ�ġ��Ϊƽ�׳��ʱ��ٵ���Ｐ
��﷨��ݱ��ѧ�߾�Ч֮��塣�ϱ��ʹ�ޣ�
ڮΪҰ��Ȼ��ʷ泣��У��ڶ��ߣ��һ��ħ
��ɡ��ѧ��ۡ��˶��Լ��Ĺ��һ�¿϶��
Ϊ��ҹ��ѧ��ѧ��ߡ�
��ڿ��ı��ϣ��Ҳ��ַ��Ĵ��ԡ��ڡ��
��ĵ�һ��Ⱥ󿪱��˶�ʮ�ĸ��Ŀ��硶��˵��ѧ˵
��ʱ�֡��ʷ��ѧ��С˵��
̸�ԡ��Ŷ��㱨��̸��ܽ��
��֪ʶ֮�ӻ��꡷�ȣ�ÿ�ڱ��ʮ��ʮ��Ŀ��³��̴�
�䣬��Ӳ�Լ��С��Ŀ��Ϊ�᳹��ı༭˼�롪��Ϊ��롰��
ѧ��񣬱��ڡ�ʷ��ڷ��۸��֮ѧ˵��
��ڡ�С˵��ء�ʮ��С��ܡ��桷��Ʒ��
��Ա��Ŀ��ݰ��ַ��Ҫ�༭˼��
�ı��Ÿ�֣��1903��ձ��γ��ѧ��쿯�ȳ��г��ֵĿ�
��硶��ѧ��硷��㽭��ȵȣ�Ī��Ӱ�졣��ʱ��
��й�ѧ��Ŀ����ٶ��Ŀ��ġ��ʵ�ġ�
��־��ҳ�Ϊ��ʱ��ʱ��࿯��ɫ��ݵ��
ʱ�񱨡��Ҳ��һ��ʱ��Ϊ��֪ʶСƷ��ﴫ�ǡ�
��յ��ݵ��ۺ��Կ����˵��ʱ�񱨡��桰��һ��
��غ��ᣬ�̹��ߣ��ӿ��ʮ��ң��Ŀ��ã�
Ϥ�¡�ʱ�񱨡��Ψ��䲻Ф��Ȼ��ͬǰ��鱨��һ��
��ף�ǣ��˵��Щ��־��Ŀ��á��Ÿ�
ʽȫ��ģ�¡�ʱ�񱨡��ʱ�񱨡�Ϊ��ṩ��һ��ģʽ��ʱ
��գ�ʱ��ο��ﳣ��ۺ��Եģ��֪ʶСƷ��ա�
ͨѶ��Ŀ��һ�ֱ��ţ��Դ�ǳ��ڡ�ʱ�񱨡��⵱Ȼ��
�ĸ��ƣ��ķ�չ��ơ�
��ͬ�к��

��Ŀ¼